This paper presents an experimental investigation of a three-dimensional flow driven by acoustic forcing in a closed cavity. This problem is a generic model for streaming flows due to waves attenuating in fluids and reflecting on domain boundaries (for examples acoustic streaming in industrial processes but also streaming of gravity waves in geophysical context). The purpose of this work is to go beyond the current state of knowledge that is mostly limited to individual streaming jets and to characterize the flow obtained when the waves reflect on boundaries as it may occur in more realistic problems. To this end, we set up an experiment where we fire an ultrasonic beam radiated by a planar circular source so that it undergoes multiple reflections inside a water-filled cuboid cavity. This produces a helix-shaped acoustic field that drives the flow. The velocity field of the resulting three-dimensional flow is measured by means of particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) for different forcing magnitudes. The time-averaged fields obtained in the entire fluid domain feature jets following the acoustic beam and impinging the vertical boundaries of the cavity, giving rise to large vortical structures which are favorable for stirring purposes. Such acoustic field also generates fluid flows in both up and down directions, as well as an overall rotating motion for which an analytical scaling law is derived. Time-resolved PTV measurements in the vicinity of the first jet impingement shed light on the progressive development of unsteadiness with increasing forcing. The highly three-dimensional nature of the fluid motion and its observed dynamics make this flow particularly relevant for stirring applications at large scale.

• Received 22 September 2023
• Accepted 1 February 2024

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.9.024101